🩺 Understanding Esophageal Cancer

What is Esophageal Cancer?

Esophageal cancer begins in the esophagus, the long, hollow tube that carries food and liquid from the throat to the stomach. This cancer often starts in the inner lining of the esophagus and can grow outward, affecting swallowing and digestion. It is more common in men and usually develops after the age of 50.

Types of Esophageal Cancer

Squamous Cell Carcinoma:
- Develops in the flat cells lining the esophagus.
- More common in the upper and middle parts of the esophagus.
- Often linked with smoking and heavy alcohol use.
Adenocarcinoma:
- Begins in gland cells that produce mucus.
- Common in the lower esophagus near the stomach.
- Strongly linked to gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) and Barrett’s esophagus.

Risk Factors

Smoking and heavy alcohol consumption
Long-term acid reflux (GERD)
Barrett’s esophagus (precancerous changes due to chronic acid reflux)
Obesity (increases risk of acid reflux and adenocarcinoma)
Poor diet low in fruits and vegetables
Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection (rare but possible factor)
Family history of esophageal cancer

Symptoms to Watch For

Esophageal cancer may not show symptoms early, but in later stages:

Difficulty swallowing (feeling like food is stuck)
Chest pain or discomfort
Persistent heartburn or indigestion
Unexplained weight loss
Hoarseness or chronic cough
Vomiting blood or passing black stools (in advanced cases)

Diagnosis

Doctors may use:

Endoscopy: A flexible tube with a camera to look inside the esophagus.
Biopsy: Removing tissue samples during endoscopy.
Barium Swallow X-ray: To check for narrowing or blockages.
CT Scan or PET Scan: To see if the cancer has spread.

Treatment Options

Surgery (Esophagectomy): Removal of part or all of the esophagus.
Radiation Therapy: High-energy rays to kill cancer cells.
Chemotherapy: Medicines to stop or slow cancer growth.
Targeted Therapy: Drugs that attack specific cancer cells.
Immunotherapy: Boosting the body’s immune system to fight cancer.
Combined Treatments: Surgery plus chemo/radiation for better results.

Esophageal Cancer